基于表层岩土渗透对三峡井网井水位降雨影响的精准分析          下载免费PDF全文

周洋  吴艳霞  罗棋  李查玮 《地震工程学报》2020,42(2):460-467,528

为研究三峡井网表层岩土渗透对井水位降雨的影响,采取井区表层岩土垂向渗透性测试方法试验,测得表层岩土垂向渗透性,并建立数学模型,用于降雨渗入补给分析。在此模型基础上,通过三峡井网8口井水位、气象三要素的对比观测资料对井水位日动态、月动态、年动态的影响进行精准分析与验证。结果表明:这种影响的特征是相当复杂的,同一个降雨过程在不同井上产生的影响特征不同,这一方面可能与各井的水文地质条件不同有关,另一方面可能还与各井点的降雨过程的差异也有关。  相似文献   

The effect of varied dam release mechanisms and storage volume on downstream river thermal regimes     

《Limnologica》2020

Temperature plays an essential role in the ecology and biology of aquatic ecosystems. The use of dams to store and subsequently re-regulate river flows can have a negative impact on the natural thermal regime of rivers, causing thermal pollution of downstream river ecosystems. Autonomous thermal loggers were used to measure temperature changes downstream of a large dam on the Macquarie River, in Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin to quantify the effect of release mechanisms and dam storage volume on the downstream thermal regime. The magnitude of thermal pollution in the downstream river was affected by different release mechanisms, including bottom-level outlet releases, a thermal curtain (which draws water from above the hypolimnion), and spill-way release. Dam storage volume was linked to the magnitude of thermal pollution downstream; high storage volumes were related to severe thermal suppressions, with an approximate 10 °C difference occurring when water originated from high and low storage volumes. Downstream temperatures were 8 ̶ 10 °C higher when surface releases were used via a thermal curtain and the spillway to mitigate cold water pollution that frequently occurs in the river. Demonstrating the effectiveness of engineering and operational strategies used to mitigate cold water pollution highlight their potential contribution to fish conservation, threatened species recovery and environmental remediation of aquatic ecosystems.  相似文献   

Spatial distribution of cyanotoxins and ratios of microcystin to biomass indicators in the reservoirs of the Volga,Kama and Don Rivers,the European part of Russia     

《Limnologica》2020

We studied the distribution of cyanotoxins and potential producers, as well as the variability of microcystin to biomass parameters (chlorophyll-a; MC/Chl-a; and biovolume; MC/BV) in 12 drinking water reservoirs of the world’s largest reservoir system, the Volga-Kama-Don cascade (European part of Russia) during the summers of 2016 and 2018. MC concentrations varied from below 0.1 μg L⁻¹ in June up to 16.4 μg L⁻¹ in August and exceeded 1 μg L^-1 in 25 % of the samples. This MC variability was associated to changes in the abundance of widespread bloom formers such as Microcystis spp., Dolichospermum spp. and Planktothrix agardhii. Ratios of MC/Chl-a and MC/BV_cyano ranged up to 0.88 μg μg⁻¹ and 4.5 μg mm⁻³, respectively. Together with microcystin profiles MC/BV_cyano ratios characterized cyanobacterial populations along the reservoir cascade and they indicated a potential toxin hazard better than MC/Chl-a. The neurotoxin anatoxin-a was observed only in the most southern and hypereutrophic Tsimlyansk Reservoir (maximum 0.01 μg L⁻¹). Toxin gene analysis revealed that MC mostly originated from Microcystis and Dolichospermum. During their co-existence up to 14 MC congeners co-occurred. Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi cf. Raphidiopsis mediterranea was identified as possible neurotoxin producers.  相似文献   

Watershed-scale vegetation,water quantity,and water quality responses to wildfire in the southern Appalachian mountain region,United States     

Peter V. Caldwell  Katherine J. Elliott  Ning Liu  James M. Vose  David R. Zietlow  Jennifer D. Knoepp 《水文研究》2020,34(26):5188-5209

Wildfires are landscape scale disturbances that can significantly affect hydrologic processes such as runoff generation and sediment and nutrient transport to streams. In Fall 2016, multiple large drought-related wildfires burned forests across the southern Appalachian Mountains. Immediately after the fires, we identified and instrumented eight 28.4–344 ha watersheds (four burned and four unburned) to measure vegetation, soil, water quantity, and water quality responses over the following two years. Within burned watersheds, plots varied in burn severity with up to 100% tree mortality and soil O-horizon loss. Watershed scale high burn severity extent ranged from 5% to 65% of total watershed area. Water quantity and quality responses among burned watersheds were closely related to the high burn severity extent. Total water yield (Q) was up to 39% greater in burned watersheds than unburned reference watersheds. Total suspended solids (TSS) concentration during storm events were up to 168 times greater in samples collected from the most severely burned watershed than from a corresponding unburned reference watershed, suggesting that there was elevated risk of localized erosion and sedimentation of streams. NO₃-N concentration, export, and concentration dependence on streamflow were greater in burned watersheds and increased with increasing high burn severity extent. Mean NO₃-N concentration in the most severely burned watershed increased from 0.087 mg L⁻¹ in the first year to 0.363 mg L⁻¹ (+317%) in the second year. These results suggest that the 2016 wildfires degraded forest condition, increased Q, and had negative effects on water quality particularly during storm events.  相似文献   

利用BDS与无人船进行污染源分析及处理     

姜沣珊  岳中杨  程俊颖  赵泽阳 《测绘通报》2020,(2):155-159

在大数据的背景下，充分利用北斗卫星导航系统（BDS）的定位功能，以无人船作为用户端，在水质数据采集和污染源位置的问题中积极探索新的实践方案，迅速、准确地找到污染源，减少河流污染物污染的时间，且无人船上装有净化模块，在发现污染时可作简易处理。在无人船上安装水质分析仪，水质分析仪的传输模块中安装经给防水处理的北斗卫星定位芯片和WiFi数据传输器，进而对河流的污染物种类及浓度进行分析，并采用大数据的计算方法，计算出污染源位置，向云平台反映污染源位置分析结果与污染物处理方法。通过BDS，将数据按照位置区域划分，并将能到达污染源的最短路径发送到处理人的移动设备上。本文通过对基于BDS定位的水质污染监测可视化系统进行分析，以期迅速找出污染源，减少水质污染现象的发生。  相似文献   

Relating the depth of the water table to the depth of weathering     

M.I. Lebedeva  S.L. Brantley 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(9):2167-2178

Weathering of bedrock creates and occludes permeability, affecting subsurface water flow. Often, weathering intensifies above the water table. On the contrary, weathering can also commence below the water table. To explore relationships between weathering and the water table, a simplified weathering model for an eroding hillslope was formulated that takes into account both saturated and unsaturated subsurface water flow (but does not fully account for changes in dissolved gas chemistry). The phreatic line was calculated using solutions to mathematical treatments for both zones. In the model, the infiltration rate at the hill surface sets both the original and the eventual steady-state position of the water table with respect to the weathering reaction front. Depending on parameters, the weathering front can locate either above or below the water table at steady state. Erosion also affects the water table position by changing porosity and permeability even when other hydrological conditions (e.g. hydraulic conductivity of parent material, infiltration rate at the surface) do not change. The total porosity in a hill (water storage capacity) was found to increase with infiltration rate (all else held constant). This effect was diminished by increasing the erosion rate. We also show examples of how the infiltration rate affects the position of the water table and how infiltration rate affects weathering advance. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA  相似文献   

泉水流量、电导率、pH值动态变化研究     

余保汶  肖敏杰  王旭  费璇 《地质与资源》2020,29(4):380-387

岩溶水是指赋存于岩溶孔隙中的地下水，是我国南方生产生活主要用水来源.随着社会对水资源需求的逐步扩大，岩溶水资源的开发利用越发重要.通过定期监测岳麓山泉水流量、电导率、pH值，结合岳麓山岩土层性质和长沙市降雨量，采用统计分析和Spearman秩相关系数法对泉水流量变化和泉水水质定性评价进行研究.研究结果表明，大气降雨对岩溶水进行补给从而使泉水流量增大，泉水流量的改变除与降雨量有关外，还受土壤入渗率和降雨时长的影响.采用Spearman秩相关系数法可定量计算电导率与时间的相关性，间接判断周围环境对泉水水质影响的难易程度，有利于识别电导率代表性位置泉眼，更好地监测和评价岩溶水.土壤酸沉降污染严重或酸雨频繁地区易导致岩溶水pH值呈酸性.对泉水流量和水质的研究有利于科学开发利用岩溶水资源.  相似文献   

济南东部岩溶水有机污染健康风险评价          下载免费PDF全文

张海林  林广奇  马河宽  刘文 《山东国土资源》2018,34(11)

近年来,济南岩溶水有机污染越来越突出,为了探究济南岩溶水有机污染对居民健康造成的影响,保障饮用水安全,该文在系统分析研究区水文地质条件的基础上,采用USEPA推荐的健康风险评价模型,根据实际采样测试数据,分析评价了济南东部3处岩溶水井点的有机污染对其范围内暴露人群造成的健康风险。结果表明:检出的主要有机污染物为三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯。3个水井的有机污染非致癌风险未超过限值1,在可接受的范围内,四氯化碳的非致癌风险所占比例最大,为89.85%; 3个采样点有机污染致癌风险,超出了其可接受水平的最小限制10-6,但均未超出可接受的致癌风险的最大限制10-4,风险指数均在10-6~5.0×10-5之间,应该引起关注,产生致癌风险的主要污染物为三氯乙烯。有机污染非致癌风险和致癌风险的主要暴露途径为呼吸吸入,其次是饮水吸收,皮肤接触暴露途径风险值最小。  相似文献   

水动力条件对沉积物-水界面氧通量的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

郑阳华  邹浩东  何强  李宏  张青  陈德敏  艾海男 《湖泊科学》2018,30(6):1552-1559

氧环境决定了水体沉积物中各种生命所需元素的最终归趋，沉积物-水界面是水相与沉积物相氧传递的重要场所，而水动力条件是影响沉积物-水界面氧传递的重要因素.选择三峡库区一级支流御临河为研究对象，根据长年监测数据建立实验室模型，采用声学多普勒流速测试仪及微电极测试系统构建了非侵入式涡度相关测试系统，探究了不同水动力条件对沉积物-水界面氧通量的影响.结果表明：水体静止状态下沉积物-水界面溶解氧浓度随时间的增加而减少，非静止状态下随时间的增加而增加；沉积物-水界面氧通量随水体流速的增加而增加.根据氧通量求解对应流速下垂直涡动扩散系数并进行线性拟合，当水体流速为0.01~0.14 m/s时，垂直涡动扩散系数与水体流速的相关性最好，此时沉积物-水界面氧通量的传递以涡动扩散为主导.  相似文献   

日照市土壤地球化学元素分布规律及成因探讨          下载免费PDF全文

庞绪贵  宋娟娟  代杰瑞  喻超  张华平  陈磊  任天龙  王红晋 《山东国土资源》2018,34(4)

在日照市开展多目标区域地球化学调查，获取了表层土壤和深层土壤地球化学数据，通过对获得的地球化学参数进行统计分析，确定了日照市土壤地球化学基准值和背景值，认为日照市除部分元素或指标外，大部分元素或指标土壤地球化学基准值和背景值与全省土壤地球化学基准值和背景值接近。研究发现，日照市As，Cd，Cr，Cu，Hg，Ni，Pb，Zn等8种重金属元素背景值含量低于国家土壤环境质量标准的土壤一级标准限值，日照市土壤质量基本保持自然背景水平；而受工业化生产和城市化建设等后期人为活动影响，日照市表层土壤中Cd，C，Hg，N，P，S，Se，Corg等元素或指标出现明显富集，应引起重视。  相似文献